By the early 1900s, the French and Laotian authorities were letting Hmong leaders, especially from the Moua, Lee, and Yang clans, deal directly with Hmong issues. Other provinces that had concentration of Hmong includes Luang Prabang, Phongsaly, Sam Neua, and Xayaboury. Xieng Khouang Province was the region of greatest Hmong influence in Laos. The Hmong of Laos-perhaps as many as 30,000-were heavily taxed and oppressed by French and Laotian authorities. In 1893, the Kingdom of Laos became a “protectorate,”or colony, of France, as part of what was known as French Indochina.
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